Tool, Method and Machine for Producing a Tooth Profile on a Workpiece by Skiving

ABSTRACT

A tool, a method and a machine for producing a tooth profile by performing a coupled skiving movement between a skiving tool and the workpiece, by rotating the tool about a tool axis of rotation and rotating the workpiece about a workpiece axis of rotation. The tool includes a crown gear, on the front of which a tooth system with a cutting profile is located, which when in use reproduces the tooth profile on the workpiece.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to German Patent Application No. 102013 110 130.5 filed Sep. 13, 2013, the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a tool for producing a tooth profile on aworkpiece by skiving, a method for producing a tooth profile on aworkpiece by performing a coupled skiving movement between a skivingtool and the workpiece, wherein the tool is rotated about a tool axisand the workpiece about a workpiece axis, and a machine for producing atooth profile on a workpiece by skiving, comprising a skiving tool, afirst rotary drive for rotationally-driving the skiving tool about atool axis, a clamp for retaining the workpiece and a second rotary drivefor rotationally-driving the respective workpiece held in the clamp,wherein the rotary drives are coupled together.

2. Description of Related Art

Skiving is a continuous machining method for producing tooth systems.This production process combines bobbing and shaping by using acontinuous rolling process with axial infeed. The efficiency of thisskiving technology stems from the fact that tooth systems together withan interference contour can be produced in a short space of time. Here,interference contours are cheeks, shoulders, heels and similar, which inconventional milling would prevent the necessary feed movement. Skivingallows internal and external tooth systems to be produced here.

A characteristic of skiving is the arrangement of the axes of the tooland workpiece at an angle to one another. The intersecting arrangementof axes results in a relative speed between tool and workpiece. Thisrelative movement is used as a cutting movement and has its main cuttingdirection along the tooth gaps of the workpiece (“tooth gap direction”).The level of the cutting speed is dependent on the respective size ofthe axis intersection angle and the speed of the machining spindles.

A detailed representation of the current normal method for producingtooth systems by skiving can be found in EP 2 520 390 A1 and EP 2 537616 A1, to which express reference is made here as evidence of expertunderstanding.

In order during the production of a workpiece to create the pivotingangle between the workpiece axis and the tool axis necessary for thecutting movement in a machine tool, in conventional skiving machines atleast one pivoting axis for relative pivoting of the tool spindlecounter to the workpiece axis of rotation is necessary.

Efficient planning and execution of complex machining processes, inparticular for the manufacture of tooth systems, which call for multipleaxes to be controlled simultaneously within a machine tool, are madepossible in production engineering practice thanks to powerful CAM(Computer Aided Manufacturing) systems. As the number of machine axesprovided for a production process within a machine tool increases,however, so does the complexity of the machine tool to be madeavailable. Increased demands, for example in terms of machine rigidity,the measurement and drive systems, or also machine control, combine toincrease machinery and individual manufactured part costs. It is,therefore, sought to limit the machine kinematics necessary for aproduction process for producing the required workpiece geometry to theminimum possible number of machine axes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Against the background of the state of the art outlined above, theobject of the invention was to specify a tool, a method and a machine,which while reducing the production effort allow the production of atooth profile on a workpiece by skiving.

Advantageous configurations of the invention are specified in thedependent claims and will be explained in detail in the followingtogether with the general inventive idea.

A tool according to the invention for producing a tooth profile on aworkpiece by skiving accordingly is modelled as a crown gear, on thefront of which a cutting profile is provided, which when in usereproduces the tooth profile on the workpiece.

In a tool according to the invention, accordingly on a front side of atool base body in the axial direction there is a raised tooth systemwith a cutting profile, which in skiving operation plunges with acutting surface into the respective workpiece and by peeling chips offthere exposes the respective tooth profile. The tool base body can, forexample, be a ring or a disc, which is coupled with a suitably formedsupport section or provided with another suitable coupling element, viawhich when in use the coupling of the tool to a tool spindle or amachine tool takes place. Typically, with the tool according to theinvention, the base body and the support section are formed from asingle piece, wherein at the free end of the support section a couplingsection is modelled, via which an interlocking and torque-tight couplingto the tool spindle of the respective skiving tool can take place.

The tooth system provided on a tool according to the invention,supporting the respective cutting profile, can be a crown gear, inparticular a planar tooth system, in which the individual teeth arealigned starting from an imaginary common centre in a radial direction.In a practically-oriented design, the tooth system is modelled as a ringrunning circularly in an edge region of the front side of the tool.

Here, the cutting surfaces of the cutting profile of a tool according tothe invention are present in an optimum manner on the externalcircumferential front faces of the teeth of the tooth system. Here, theexternally-oriented cutting surfaces promote a secure chip removal,since the cutting area in the direction of chip removal is not limitedby the surrounding tool cutting edges. Thus, the tool does not tend tobe clogged with chips, which could damage the cutting edges of thecutting profile.

The tooth system of a tool according to the invention can have an angleof inclination in the radial direction like that of a helical gearing.In this case, the tooth system has an optimal design so that, across itsprofile width during skiving at at least one point in time, it isaligned along the direction of the tooth spaces, for a straight-cuttooth thus when engaging in the workpiece at at least one point in timeparallel to the workpiece axis of rotation. The tooth system can also betapered from the cutting surfaces of the cutting profile over theprofile width. In this way, so-called constructive clearance angles canbe created ensuring a collision-free cutting edge engagement in the areaof the open spaces. In order to support this effect, alternatively oradditionally, both the profile height and the profile thickness of theteeth of the tooth system of the tool according to the invention canreduce from the respective cutting surfaces of the cutting profile inthe direction of the axis of rotation.

In a method according to the invention for producing a tooth systemprofile on a workpiece rotating about a workpiece axis by performing acoupled skiving movement between a skiving tool rotating about a toolaxis and the workpiece according to the invention, a tool according tothe invention is used, wherein the tool axis and the workpiece axis inthe manner of the axes of rotation of an angular gear are alignedintersecting with each other at an axis intersection angle and at thesame time an offset is provided between the workpiece axis and the toolaxis, in order to achieve a speed component in the tooth gap directionof the tooth system profile to be created between the workpiece and thetool.

When an offset is mentioned here between a tool and a workpiece, thenthis offset is comparable to the offset usually provided with a bevelgear or a crown gear. If there is no offset, then the axes of rotationof the tool and the workpiece intersect at a point. In the case of anoffset, as prescribed by the invention, the axes of rotation of the tooland the workpiece do not intersect, however. The axis intersection angleexisting between them can then only be determined by projecting theworkpiece axis of rotation in a plane in which the axis of rotation ofthe tool lies, or vice versa. The shortest distance between therespective plane and the axis of rotation disposed remotely from this isreferred to as “offset”. The axis intersection angle between theworkpiece axis and the tool axis in a projection of the axes onto theplane originally spanned by the axes, corresponding to a considerationof the axes along the transversal distance formed by the offset, remainsunaffected by the offset here.

As a result of the offset, between the generating tooth flanks of thecutting profile and the tooth profile to be created an additionalsliding movement in the tooth gap direction occurs. In the skivingmethod according to the invention this sliding movement is used tocreate the cutting speed. In a method according to the invention thefeed component of the relative movement of the cutting profile and thetooth profile to be created in the tooth gap direction necessary forchip formation is not achieved by a reciprocal swivelling of the tooland workpiece axes, but is imposed upon the process by specifying anoffset. The greater the offset between the tool and the workpiece axes,the greater is the cutting speed or the translational sliding componentalong the tooth flank, which at the cutting edge is converted from thetool rotation into a cutting movement in the tooth gap direction.

In the skiving method according to the invention for producing a toothprofile on a workpiece, accordingly a swivelling of the spindle axisrelative to the axis of rotation can be dispensed with. Consequently,the method can be carried out on a tool machine which comprises noswivel axis for swivelling the spindle axis counter to the workpieceaxis, but merely provides for a translational positioning of the spindleaxis relative to the workpiece axis of rotation. With the lower demandson the machine tool to be provided as a result of the method accordingto the invention, machine costs and accordingly also manufactured partcosts can be reduced compared with prior art skiving methods. Theinvention thus provides a method which in a particularly simple andcost-effective manner allows the production of a tooth system using theskiving method.

The ways of working and advantages explained above in relation to themethod according to the invention apply equally to a device according tothe invention, equipped and designed so that with it the skivingaccording to the invention can be performed. Accordingly, a machineaccording to the invention for producing a tooth profile on a workpieceby means of skiving comprises a skiving tool, a first rotary drive forrotationally-driving the skiving tool and a workpiece axis, a clamp forretaining the workpiece and a second rotary drive forrotationally-driving the respective workpiece retained in the clamp,wherein the rotary drives are coupled together. According to theinvention, with such a machine the tool is modelled in a manneraccording to the invention, wherein the tool axis and the workpiece axisin the manner of the axes of rotation of an angular gear are alignedintersecting with each other at an axis intersection angle and an offsetis provided between the workpiece axis and the tool axis, in order toachieve a cutting speed component in the tooth gap direction of thetooth profile to be created between the workpiece and the tool.

When using the possibilities explained above, or others, for creating a“constructive clearance angle” on a machine according to the inventionor when performing the method according to the invention, the axisintersection angle provided between the tool and workpiece axes can be90°. When the axes are arranged at right angles, the feed movement alongthe tooth gaps is particularly easy to reproduce and can be performedover a single linear machine axis.

It is also possible, however, by specifying an axis intersection angledeviating from 90°, for example in the range 85-95°, in particular 85°to <90°, to set between the tool and the workpiece an angle ofinclination for producing kinematic clearance angles during the skiving.

The control and production engineering effort associated with theproduction and operation of a machine according to the invention can beminimised by permanently setting the axis intersection angle accordingto a predetermined optimum angle.

In a variant of the method according to the invention, the tool hasindexable cutting inserts. In particular, when using hard metal as thecutting material, the amount of hard metal used can be reduced comparedto a one-piece tool and thus the tool costs can be reduced.

The skiving method according to the invention is suitable in particularfor the production of straight or helical toothed components, such ascylindrical gears or similar. Thus, for example, pinion shafts, splineshaft connections, belt pulleys or sliding sleeves and similar can beproduced with the method according to the invention.

Of course, with the skiving method according to the invention, the knowntooth flank modifications, such as, for example, height or width crowingand head or foot relief etc., can be achieved by an adaptation to theprocess kinematics or the cutting profile.

Furthermore, it is advantageous to avoid swivelling movements and tomodel the feed and relative movements between the tool and workpiecepreferably by linear machine axes, since these guarantee high positionalaccuracy in a simple manner.

For machining the workpiece over the full tooth width of the respectivetooth profile to be produced, the tool according to the invention can bemoved along an axis of motion which is aligned axially-parallel with theworkpiece axis of rotation. For this purpose, a machine according to theinvention can be equipped with an appropriate feed drive.

In the following, the invention is explained in more detail by means ofa drawing illustrating an embodiment. The following are shown,schematically in each case:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a tool and a cylindrical workpiece in the skiving operation as atop view;

FIG. 2 the tool and the workpiece according to FIG. 1 in a side view;

FIGS. 3 a-3 j snapshots of the engagement of a cutting edge in theproduction of a tooth profile on a workpiece through skiving in a sideview.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIGS. 1 and 2 show a simplified representation of a tool 1 modelled as acrown gear and a cylindrical workpiece 2 in a snapshot of the skivingmethod according to the invention.

To illustrate the engagement relationships and the relative axispositions, a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates system (x, y, z) isintroduced, wherein the tool axis of rotation WZ is aligned coaxially tothe x-coordinate. The workpiece axis of rotation WS on the other handruns parallel to an auxiliary plane H spanning the x and z-axis and ispositioned with an offset a to this auxiliary plane H. In the exampledescribed here, the offset a corresponds to approximately one quarter ofthe tool radius WR.

In the example shown here, on the workpiece 1 a spur toothing is createdby skiving. Here, the tooth gap direction ZR runs parallel to theworkpiece axis of rotation WS.

The tool 1 and the workpiece 2 perform a continuous division movement inrelation to one another. Here, the tool rotation ω_(WZ) about the x-axisand the workpiece rotation ω_(WS) about the tool axis of rotation WS arecoupled according to the tooth ratio of tool 1 and workpiece 2.

The speed vectors shown in FIG. 1 v_(c), v_(WZ), v_(WS) illustrateschematically how, as a result of the offset a between the workpiece 2and the tool 1, or their respective axes of rotation WS, WZ, a cuttingspeed component v_(c) results along the tooth gap direction ZR of thetooth profile VP to be produced. Here, the speed vectors v_(c), v_(WZ),v_(WS) for example reproduce the respective circumferential speeds ofthe tool v_(WZ) and the workpiece v_(WS) in a point of contact B betweena tool cutting edge 3 and a tooth flank.

Were there to be no offset a (a=O) between the tool 1 and the workpiece2, then in the point of contact B_(o) the circumferential speed v_(W2,0)of the tool 1 and the circumferential speed v_(WS,0) of the workpiece 2would be the same. Then no relative movement v_(c) in tooth gapdirection ZR between tool 1 and workpiece 2 would result.

The cutting conditions arising during skiving with, according to theinvention, a tool 1 and workpiece 2 offset with an offset a can beillustrated using the contact point B_(a). The circumferential speedv_(WS,a), v_(WZ,a) of workpiece 2 and tool 1 are in this case notcongruent, so that here a cutting speed component v_(c,a) along thetooth gap direction ZR results.

From the contact point B_(x) that lies in the direction of rotation ofthe tool 1 before the contact point B_(a) it is clear that theproportion which is converted from the circumferential speed v_(WZ) at acutting point into a feed movement or a cutting speed v_(c) in the toothgap direction ZR, grows as the offset a increases. Here, the maximumpermitted offset a is limited by the necessary clearance and rake anglein the area of the tool cutting edge 3.

In order to machine the workpiece 2 across its full tooth width BZ orthe workpiece length an axial feed z_(v) axially-parallel to theworkpiece axis of rotation WS and parallel to the auxiliary plane H isprovided. The direction of the axial feed z_(v) is arbitrary, and cantherefore also be reversed in respect of the axial feed z_(v) shown inthe Figure.

As indicated in FIG. 1, the tool 1 modelled as a crown gear with a toothsystem SP with teeth 3, which in an edge region bordering the outercircumference of the face 4 of the tool 1 runs in a circular mannerabout the face 4.

With its front sides on the outer circumference of its teeth 3 the toothsystem SP forms a cutting profile, to which each tooth on is front sidecontributes a cutting surface.

As also illustrated in a simplified manner in FIG. 1, the teeth 3 of thetooth system SP have the flank form typical of a crown gear with an“engagement angle” that reduces from the outside to the inside, whereinthe flanks in this case represent the open spaces of the tool 2. Here,the teeth 3 are merely implied and on the tool 1 naturally arranged witha distribution across the entire tool.

In order to provide the clearance angle necessary for the skivingprocess, the tooth system SP in the radial direction has a helix angle βin the manner of a helical gearing. The helix angle β must be formedtaking into account the predetermined offset a so that during chipremoval a collision does not occur between the tool 1 and the workpiece2 in the area of the free spaces. The helix angle β can be formed sothat the tooth system SP of teeth 3 across its profile width duringskiving at at least one point in time is aligned along the tooth gapdirection ZR. Thus, the helix angle β can, for example, correspond tothe angle enclosed by the speed vectors of workpiece v_(WZ,a) and toolv_(WS,a).

In addition, the teeth 3 of the tooth system SP starting from theirfront face cutting surface associated with the outer circumference havea reducing taper over the profile width in the radial direction on thetool axis of rotation WZ. At the same time, both the profile height andthe profile thickness of the teeth 3 reduce from the outer circumferenceof the tool in the direction of the tool axis of rotation WZ.

The axis intersection angle Σ between the workpiece axis of rotation WSand the tool axis of rotation WZ in the embodiment described here is setin a fixed manner at 90°. In order during the skiving to generate akinematic clearance angle relative to the open spaces of the tool 1, theaxis intersection angle Σ may differ from 90°, resulting in aninclination between the tool 1 and the workpiece 2. Preferably, however,such an inclination is dispensed with. Where an axis intersection angleΣ of different from 90° is provided for, this should be low. Such a lowinclination of the tool 1 or the workpiece 2 counter to its 90°orientation has no significant influence on the cutting speed v_(c) ofthe tool 1, however, in tooth gap direction ZR. The inclination merelyconcerns the change in the axis intersection angle Σ, so that theworkpiece axis of rotation WS continues to be extended parallel to theauxiliary plane H.

FIGS. 3 a-3 j by means of the tooth Zl of the tooth system profile VP tobe produced on the workpiece 2 provide an understanding of how thistooth Zl is produced by the cutting profile 5 present on the tool 1,formed by the teeth 3 of the tooth system SP.

Here, production of the tooth profile VP takes place in a number ofpasses, wherein the tool 1 after each pass is fed in the direction ofthe workpiece axis of rotation WS along a feed axis, which is alignedcoaxially to the workpiece axis of rotation WZ, until the tooth profileVP has been fully completed.

KEY

-   -   1 Tool    -   2 Workpiece    -   3 Tooth of tooth system SP    -   4 Face    -   5 Cutting profile on the tooth system SP    -   β Helix angle    -   ω_(WS) Workpiece rotation    -   ω_(WZ) Tool rotation    -   a Offset    -   B,B_(a),B_(o),B_(x) Contact points    -   BZ Tooth width    -   H Auxiliary plane    -   SP Tooth system    -   v_(c) Cutting speed component along the tooth gap direction ZR    -   v_(c,a) Cutting speed along the tooth gap direction ZR in        contact point B_(a)    -   v_(c,x) Cutting speed along the tooth gap direction ZR in        contact point B_(x)    -   VP Tooth system profile    -   v_(WS) Circumferential speed of workpiece 2    -   v_(WZ) Circumferential speed of tool 1    -   v_(WZ,0) Circumferential speed of tool 1 in contact point B₀    -   v_(WS,0) Circumferential speed of workpiece 2 in contact point        B₀    -   v_(WZ,a) Circumferential speed of tool 1 in contact point B_(a)    -   v_(WS,a) Circumferential speed of workpiece 2 in contact point        B_(a)    -   v_(WZ,x) Circumferential speed of tool 1 in contact point B_(x)    -   v_(WS,x) Circumferential speed of workpiece 2 in contact point        B_(x)    -   WR Tool radius    -   WS Workpiece axis of rotation    -   WZ Tool axis of rotation    -   Zl Tooth    -   ZR Tooth gap direction    -   z_(v) Axial feed

1. A tool for producing a tooth profile on a workpiece by skiving,comprising a crown gear, on the front of which a tooth system with acutting profile is provided which when in use reproduces the toothprofile on the workpiece.
 2. The tool according to claim 1, wherein thecutting profile is modelled on the outer circumference of the toothsystem.
 3. The tool according to claim 1, wherein the tooth system ismodelled in the form of a ring in an edge region of the tool associatedwith the outer circumference of the front.
 4. The tool according toclaim 1, wherein the tooth system is modelled like that of a helicalgearing.
 5. The tool according to claim 4, wherein the tooth system uponengagement in the workpiece at at least one point in time is alignedparallel to the workpiece axis of rotation.
 6. The tool according toclaim 1, wherein the tooth system starting from the cutting surface istapered over the width of the profile.
 7. The tool according to claim 1,wherein the profile height and profile thickness of the tooth systemstarting from the cutting surface reduce in the direction of the toolaxis of rotation.
 8. A method for producing a tooth profile on aworkpiece comprising the steps of performing a coupled skiving movementbetween a skiving tool and the workpiece, rotating the tool about a toolaxis of rotation and rotating the workpiece about a workpiece axis ofrotation, wherein the tool comprises a crown gear on the front of whicha tooth system with a cutting profile is provided which when in usereproduces the tooth profile on the workpiece, wherein the tool axis ofrotation and the workpiece axis of rotation in the manner of the axes ofrotation of an angular gear are aligned intersecting each other at anaxis intersection angle and wherein an offset is provided between theworkpiece axis of rotation and the tool axis of rotation, in order toachieve a cutting speed component in the tooth gap direction of thetooth profile to be created between the workpiece and the tool.
 9. Themethod according to claim 8, wherein the axis intersection angle betweenthe tool axis of rotation and the workpiece axis of rotation is 85-95°.10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the axis intersection anglebetween the tool axis of rotation and the workpiece axis of rotation is90°.
 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the workpiece and thetool are moved relative to each other in a movement direction directedaxially-parallel to the workpiece axis of rotation.
 12. A machine forproducing a tooth profile on a workpiece by skiving, comprising askiving tool, a first rotary drive for rotationally-driving the skivingtool about a tool axis of rotation, a clamp for retaining the workpieceand a second rotary drive for rotationally-driving the respectiveworkpiece held in the clamp, wherein the rotary drives are coupledtogether, wherein the tool comprises a crown gear, on the front of whicha tooth system with a cutting profile is provided which when in usereproduces the tooth profile on the workpiece, wherein the tool axis ofrotation and the workpiece axis of rotation in the manner of the axes ofrotation of an angular gear are aligned intersecting with each other atan axis intersection angle, and wherein an offset is provided betweenthe workpiece axis and the tool axis, in order to achieve a cuttingspeed component in the tooth gap direction of the tooth profile to becreated between the workpiece and the tool.
 13. The machine according toclaim 12, wherein a feed device, which during the skiving operationperforms a relative movement between the workpiece and the tool along anaxis of motion axially-parallel to the workpiece axis of rotation. 14.The machine according to claim 12, wherein the axis intersection anglehas a set value.
 15. The machine according to claim 13, comprising adevice for feeding the tool along an infeed axis alignedaxially-parallel to the tool axis.